Average range over land 20 - 25 miles.

Range for an NDB can be calculated with:

2√power output in Watts = Range (Land) 3√ power output in Watts = Range (Water)

NDB’s are stations emitting a signal. There is nothing for them to be accurate about. ADF's on the other hand, when tuned to an NDB need to be accurate within +/- 5 degrees.

A straight line conecting the leading edge with the trailing edge of an aerofoil.

Profile drag, also known as pressure drag or form drag, is the drag caused by the separation of the boundary layer from a surface and the wake created by that separation.

It is primarily dependent upon the shape of the object and increases directly with speed as the faster an aircraft moves the more air molecules collide with it.

They are aerodynamically efficient surfaces located at the wing tips, designed to reduce induced drag and increase fuel efficiency.

They increase efficiency by reducing the size of the wingtip vortices, which are created by the difference between the pressure on the upper surface of the wing and that on the lower surface.

Dangers of flying into thunderstorms:

Severe wind shear and turbulence (with a risk of structural problems, loss of altitude, loss of airspeed) Severe icing Hail Lightning strikes (with a risk of damage to electrical systems) Radio Communications and Navigation interference from static electricity in thunderstorms

Contingency fuel is carried to account for additional enroute fuel consumption caused by wind, routing changes or ATM: ATM/CNS restrictions.

Vref = 1.3 x Vs0 (stall speed in the landing configuration).

Precision Approach Path Indicator

Taxi, trip, contingency, reserve and extra fuel.